Known Universe in 2009

5 billion light-years

It’s useful to use galactic coordinates for viewing the larger structure of the universe.  The galactic plane, which we mostly can’t see through, sits conveniently along the zero degree latitude.  That’s why the 3-D plots we did earlier had V-shaped gaps near their equators.  We can’t see anything in our galactic plane because all of the stars, dust, and gas clouds that get in the way.  It’s like trying to look through a forest to the other side, you can’t see anything because every line of sight is blocked by at least one tree.  But if we look up, we can see birds and planes outside the thickness of the forest.  Therefore we can see up off our galactic plane and we can see down below it, but we mostly can’t see anything laterally in the plane itself.  See figure 6 at right.

Our Milky Way galaxy has a diameter of about 100,000 light-years and our Sun lies about 30,000 light-years from the centre.  The thickness of our galaxy is roughly 20,000 light-years, but different components have different characteristic thicknesses.  To put this in perspective, 100,000 light-years = 0.03 Mpc.  The spot size of the plotted galaxies was increased for viewing purposes.

If we plot the longitude and latitude in the XY plane with metric distance plotted orthogonally upward, we can look at the XZ and XY projections to identify the locations of the observed data spikes.

For all plots below:

X = degrees longitude

Y = degrees latitude

Z = Distance from Earth (Mpc)

Galactic Coordinates for Locating Spikes

X-Z projection

Y-Z projection

Concluding Remarks

- 9,568 galaxies from NED-D were analyzed. 

- 682/9,568 had distances greater than 1,000 Mpc. 

- 461/682 (67.6%) were distances obtained via Type Ia Supernova, enabling us to ascertain details of the large-scale extragalactic structure. 

- The “Hand of God” greatly diminishes the likelihood that these extragalactic formations are measurement based anomalies. 

1. -More redshift-independent measurements should be made to verify the density variations.
   

Peace always,

Saul Hernandez

UPDATE (3/2/2013):  NED-D was recently updated to Version 6.1 November 2012 with 2,771 more galaxies.  This represents a 29% increase in the total number of datapoints available for analysis.  We look forward to verifyiing or falsifying the conclusions presented here.

Figure 7    Galactic Coordinate System 

NOTE:  Earth-Galaxy distances equal Sun-Galaxy distances

Appendix:

A:  Extragalactic Density and Structure

Exploded views are useful for viewing the structure of intricate components that are packed together tightly.  Look at how exploding the parts of this engine spread the pieces out and makes it easier to see how it all goes together.  The same is true for dense clusters of galaxies.  If we spread them out radially, then they’ll spread apart proportionally outward so we can better see the density variation throughout our universe.  The radius of each galaxy was exploded outward by 4,000 Mpc.  This means that each galaxy had 4,000 Mpc added to its radius and was then plotted with Origin 8.6 software.

See Animations @ BigBangPhysics.com

Hand of God

Astrophysicists usually report where they find objects, but not where they don’t.  Then how can we be sure that these aren’t just preferred telescopic viewing directions?  When we view the animation (BigBangPhysics.com), we see a galactic hand-like formation in the southern region of the structure (-90 degrees latitude).  First, we notice that outliers were found in between the fingers, there just weren’t many of them.  Second, we reason that if we’re able to see galaxies that make up the webbing of the hand, then certainly we should be able to see galaxies that would be present in between the fingers of the hand.  When the structure is rotated, we can see the structure clearly and even see the beginnings of a “Hand of God” in the north.  We conclude that these are probably preferred directions for galactic formation and that further observations should serve to fill in the details of the extragalactic structure. 

Gravitational

Source/Mass

Actual Data Spike of Galaxies

Density Variance

The galactic densities of the fingers appear to vary inversely with the square of the distance from our host galaxy (Milky Way).  These galactic distributions are indicative of accelerations along preferred directions and could be explained by large gravitational sources (Masses) outside of our observable universe that have been pulling on us in these directions.  These sources are still part of our universe, just not part of our observable universe.   They’re too far away to view electromagnetically (i.e. with light), but we can observe their gravitational effects by looking at the distribution of galaxies within our observable universe.

The galaxies closest to the Gravitational Mass are accelerating more and therefore cover more distance.  You can see this in the last equation if you pick some time interval  t  and then substitute for different galaxy’s distances  r  from the Gravitational Mass.  The galaxies closer to the Gravitational Mass will experience greater changes in distance than those that are far away.  Therefore there will be a distribution of galaxies along the peaks that will have incremental spacings as we move closer to the Gravitational Mass, which we see here in this actual data spike.  This relationship can be seen in all of the data spikes, which you can see here in figure 6 below.

Gravitational

Source/Mass

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 13     NED-D Extragalactic Density Variance

Figure 6

B:  The Big Bang as related to the Extragalactic Density

The most widely accepted version of “Big Bang Theory” has serious gaps in its explanation of certain observations, most notably the antimatter riddle and the mystery of dark energy.  Evidence for a “Big Bang” is overwhelming, but recent observations have indicated that the expansion is accelerating.   The term “Dark Energy” has been coined to explain this acceleration because there’s no general consensus for what’s causing it.  The Cosmological Principle says that this acceleration should be the same in all directions, i.e. spherically symmetric.  So whatever the state of the expansion, be it constant velocity or acceleration, the expansion should be doing the same thing in every direction.  Recent observations have indicated that this is most likely not the case.

A viable model for explaining the extragalactic density variance is that the primordial atom of the Big Bang was composed of alternating regions of matter and antimatter in a geometry similar to that of a soccer ball.  The idea is that all of the mass in our known universe only makes up a small fraction of the total mass of the universe.  There were entire lumps of mass in our universe that were exploded away from us in the first few moments of the Big Bang.  These lumps are currently too far away from us to see electromagnetically, BUT... we can observe their gravitational effects on the galaxies in our lump by looking at galactic distribution patterns.  If an object is accelerating, we see that it’s trajectory is more and more spread out as time goes on.  This is because the velocity is increasing and the object covers increasingly more distance as time goes by.  We can look at galactic distributions to determine whether or not something has been accelerated in the past.

Each matter region touched several other antimatter regions, resulting in annihilations that exploded the lumps away from one another.  Thus there would be very little antimatter in our lump (i.e. known universe), because the probability for annihilation at the barriers where the regions touched was extremely high.  Less than one percent of antiparticles survived the initial barrier explosions and leaked into our lump.  This is precisely the ratio of antimatter to matter that we see in our universe today.  The explosions produced enough outward force to overcome the gravitational binding energy between adjacent regions and they were torn apart, but they were still pulling on each other as they were torn apart, like pulling apart chewing gum, the space and matter stretched out towards one another. Each region pulled mostly on adjacent regions.  In the first few seconds after the annihilation, the matter was in the form of a hot quark-gluon plasma that had a very low viscosity. This super-fluid flowed and stretched easily, like how hot oil pours out of your car quickly, but if the oil is cool it flows out slower. This hot quark-gluon soup flowed with virtually zero resistance in any direction it was pulled, which was in the direction of the other lumps.  The lumps then cooled and they themselves became lumpy with stars and galaxies, and there would be strands of galaxy formation along preferred directions.  These galactic formations should have densities that vary inversely as the square of the distance from our lump, which we saw earlier in this article.

We consider this to be a viable model worth exploring and vetting.  Modeling efforts are ongoing and we’ll be presenting a rigorous version soon.  The galactic spikes presented in this article probably have people scratching their heads as to how they got that way, and we thought it prudent to foreshadow this model as a candidate for cause.       

Big Bang Theory cont’d

NED-D has 40,386 redshift independent distances reported for 9,568 galaxies.  Each galaxy has approximately 4 distance measurements (often by different telescopes) that are averaged to give 9,568 weighted distance measurements.  However, some datapoints were taken a number of years ago and since then galaxies have been travelling away from us.  This means that the newer measurements are in some cases more accurate than the weighted averages.  The newest distance measurements are almost always more distant, which yields an extragalactic map that is more distant than anything previous.

This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The V-Shaped gap is where we have yet to map because this corresponds to the Milky Way’s galactic plane, which we mostly can't see through.  More on this later.

NOTE:  We also plotted the most recently time stamped data so as to achieve a plot with the most up-to-date distance information.  This is important because some galaxies are moving at high speeds and will traverse great distances during the time between measurements.

NED-D Data  (2011)

13.7 billion light-years